Other scientists did not receive degrees but undertook hands-on training in various aspects of malaria research including immunological (ELISA, Western blots) and molecular (recombinant DNA, PCR, Southern and Northern blots, gene cloning) techniques  and safe use and handling of radioactive isotopes used in molecular parasitology research. Three visiting scientists from Panama, Peru, and Colombia trained in molecular methods for detection of antimalarial drug resistance using radioisotopes with support from the IAEA.